Geometrical optics is an interesting subject full of wonderful applications, a subject that can appear anywhere in an introductory physics course. Geometric optics and image formation summary physics. This series revises previous knowledge on reflection in plain mirrors. A light ray from a source goes in a straight line through the air, but when it encounters a lens, prism, or mirror it bends or changes direction.
In the module to follow, you will learn about the otherphysical wave optics. We have a preference not to introduce geometrical optics after maxwells equations. Siyavulas open physical sciences grade 11 textbook, chapter 5 on geometrical optics. Note that c is a distance r from the spherical segment. Download geometric optics download free online book chm pdf. A converging lens forms either real or virtual images, depending on the object location. Physical optics lecture notes pdf 44p this note covers the following topics.
Based on rectilinear propagation of light valid only if. The cornea is a converging lens located at the outer surface of the eye with fixed focal length approximately equal to 2 cm. Of course, every real system experiences diffraction effects, so geometric. Geometrical optics and optical design oxford series in. Ray optics and optical instruments 311 this case is to be taken as normal to the tangent to surface at the point of incidence.
The wave fronts are spherical, and the direction of motion of the wave is perpendicular to the wave front, as depicted in figure. General physics 2 geometric optics 16 sign conventions focal length positive for converging lenses negative for diverging lenses object distance positive if the object is on the side of the lens from which the light is coming this is usually the case otherwise, it is negative virtual object. Physics 23 fall 1988 lab 3 geometrical optics theory this laboratory is an exercise in geometrical optics, the reflection and refraction of light when it strikes the surface between air and glass, or air and water. How changing the lens radius, index and diameter effects where the image appears and how it looks magnification, brightness and inversion. Learn exactly what happened in this chapter, scene, or section of geometric optics and what it means. In geometric optics, the following statements are true for real and virtual images.
Read and download ebook geometric optics phet lab answer key pdf at public ebook library geometric optics phet lab answ. Geometric optics introduction optics is the study of the way light interacts with other objects. Pedrotti cord waco, texas optics is the cornerstone of photonics systems and applications. Geometrical optics explained in a understandable way.
It consists of three parts which can, and for practical purposes probably should, be done in any order. Optical systems in which the wave nature of light must be taken into account interference, diffraction are called physical optics. Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is a model of optics that describes light propagation in terms of rays. Cardinal points if the indices of refraction of all elements are known, together with the positions and radii of curvature of all surfaces, it is always possible to calculate the approximate position and size of the image of a given object by considering successively the effect of. All the exercise of chapter 18 geometrical optics questions with solutions to help you to revise complete syllabus and score more marks. Light optics questions with solutions and explanations at the bottom of the page. Hc verma class 11 physics part1 solutions for chapter 18. A ray is a line that has an origin, but does not have an end. Perfect for acing essays, tests, and quizzes, as well as for writing lesson plans.
Cc ff r rays from infinity parallel to the principal axis all go through the focal point, f. Spatial filtering designing a doublet with an optical design software project. These lessons have been designed to be used as a teaching tool, either as individual lessons or as a series, or they can be used as a revision tool. When an object is placed in front of a plane mirror the image is. Following a technique involving autocollimation and the rotation of the lens, the focal length of a telescope objective was determined to be 36. Before we look more closely at the use of light rays in geometrical optics, we need to say a brief. This lab consists of many short optics experiments. The progress of rays will be used to determine image formation for lenses, mirrors and other optical elements. A summary of geometrical optics in s geometric optics. Show that when light reflects from two mirrors that meet each other at a right angle, the outgoing ray is parallel to the incoming ray, as illustrated in the following figure. Light is a form of energy which produces the sensation of sight in us.
Free pdf download of hc verma solutions for class 11 physics part1 chapter 18 geometrical optics solved by expert physics teachers on. Pdf download allen jee mains 2020 minor and major test papers with solutions apr 12, 2020. We have already studied that the geometric centre of a spherical mirror is called its pole while. Converging reflecting surface position of object beyond 2f cm at 2f cm between 2f and f cm at f cm between f and mirror cm d o d i h o h i image. Chapter wise solutions to hc vermas concepts of physics, concepts of physics part 1 hc verma solutions, h. A upright, magnified and real b upright, the same size and virtual c inverted, demagnified and real d inverted, magnified and virtual. Light is an electromagnetic disturbance, and as such is described using maxwells equations, which. Light waves can be bent and reflected to form new and sometimes altered images.
These questions may be used to practice for the sat physics test. It covers, rather, the geometric optics of firstyear students, whom it will either help or confuse yet further, though i hope the former. Physics 262 geometric optics part i position and size of image. When you look at this page, too, you are seeing light reflected from it. The part of geometric optics that often causes the most difficulty, particularly in getting the right answer for homework or examination problems, is the vexing matter of sign conventions in lens and mirror.
Optics is the branch of physics that deals with the behavior of visible light and other electromagnetic waves. These are but a few of the questions that are answered by the study of optics. Geometric optics electricity and magnetism heat and thermodynamics physical optics max fairbairns planetary photometry integrals and differential equations. This book is an up to date, introductory treatment of geometrical optics, from the point of view of the future optics practitioner. This is because we observe the processes emission, reflection, scattering at a distance 10cms with bare eyes that are much longer than the wavelength of light 107. However, if the objects in question are much larger than the wavelength of the light being studied, then the light exhibits much simpler behavior. That is, the normal is along the radius, the line joining the centre of curvature of the mirror to the point of incidence.
How to develop effective study habits mar, 2020 pdf view jh sir physical chemistry notes for class 12 mar 8, 2020 pdf nv sir 11th class physics notes for jee and boards feb 27, 2020 pdf download nv sir physics notes complete for jee feb 22, 2020. Concept questions for physics using phet inquiry based algebrabased physics semester one lessons, clicker questions, and schedule in pdf inquiry based. If you capture sunlight in a mirror or lens you can feel the heat where the sunlight is reflectedrefracted as a real image but you cannot feel the heat where the sunlight is. A guide to geometric optics teaching approach in this series we explain geometric optics. Light and geometrical optics test 1 kaplan 3 passage i questions 16 figure 1 shows a simplified model of the eye that is based on the assumption that all of the refraction of entering light occurs at the cornea. Optics is an exciting area of study, but as with most areas of physics it requires a variety of mathematical tools to be fully appreciated. Understanding how light rays can be manipulated allows us to create better contact lenses, fiber optic cables, and high powered telescopes. In this module, you will learn about one of the two main divisions of basic optics geometrical ray optics. Geometrical optics online physics course lecturio online. Archimedes and other ancient greek thinkers made original contributions but we mention here heron of alexandria c. Topics are addressed froma physics perspective and include the propagation of light in. The principle may be used to derive snells laws of reflection and refraction. Thin lenses when the size of the physical and optical objects of a system are much larger than the wavelength of the light or as.
The ray in geometric optics is an abstraction useful for approximating the paths along which light propagates under certain circumstances. Optical bench with screen at one end and raybox bracket at the other end. Geometrical optics a light source emits light uniformly in all directions of the three. Geometrical optics is the treatment of the passage of light through lenses, prisms, etc. Geometrical optics please remember to photocopy 4 pages onto one sheet by going a3a4 and using back to back on the photocopier contents. In particular, optics is concerned with the generation and propagation of light and its interaction with matter. Spherical mirrors are treated as special cases of refraction, with. Light is an electromagnetic disturbance, and as such is described using maxwells equations, which expresses the relationship between the electric. Geometrical optics hc verma concepts of physics solutions.
The volume is organised such that the single spherical refracting surface is the basic optical element. Show that when light reflects from two mirrors that meet each other at a right angle, the outgoing ray is parallel to. The questions are about reflection, refraction, critical angle, lenses, reflectors, light rays propagating through different mediums, refractive index of materials, etc. Image seen as a result of reflection of light on a plane smooth surface. Geometric optics the part of optics dealing with the ray aspect of light is called geometric optics. Jan 20, 2020 ray tracing is a geometric technique to determine the paths taken by light rays through thin lenses. The principles of gaussian optics and firstorder layout and design are emphasized, based on the tracing of two paraxial rays and the associated optical invariant.
632 582 866 212 288 465 444 529 918 626 789 50 442 1155 1319 709 592 850 230 1437 849 1147 279 1360 914 218 1123 931 157 86 36 746 53 836 701